Certain oxyalkylated polyepoxidetreated amine-modified thermoplastic phenol aldehyde resins, and method of making same



United States Patent CERTAIN OXYALKYLATED POLYEPOXlDE- TREATED AMINE-MODIFIED THERMO- PLASTIC PHENOL ALDEHYDE RESINS, AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Melvin De Groote, St. Louis, and Kwan-Ting Shen, Brentwood, Mo., assignors to Petrolite Corporation, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Original application June 26, 1953, Serial No. 364,502, now Patent No. 2,771,426, dated November 20, 1956. Divided and this application September 11, 1956, Serial No. 609,097

Claims. (Cl. 260-45) The present invention is a continuation-in-part of our copending application, Serial No. 338,574, filed February 24, 1953, now U.S. Patent 2,771,436, and a division of our copending application Serial No. 364,502, filed chemical products or compounds which are of outstand- 3 ing value in demulsification.

The present invention is concerned with a three-step manufacturing process involving (1) condensing certain phenol aldehyde resins, hereinafter described in detail,

" ice Notwithstanding the fact that subsequent data will be presented in considerable detail, yet the description becomes somewhat involved and certain facts should be kept in mind. The epoxides, and particularly the diepoxides may have no connecting bridge between the phenolic nuclei as in the case of a diphenyl derivative or may have a variety of connecting bridges, i.e., divalent linking radicals. Our preference is that either diphenyl compounds be employed or else compounds where the divalent link is obtained by the removal of a carbonyl oxygen atom as derived from a ketone or aldehyde.

It it were not for the expense involved in preparing and purifying the monomer we would prefer it to any other form, i.e., in preference to the polymer of mixture of polymer and monomer.

Stated another way, we would prefer to use materials of the kind described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,530,353, dated November 14, 1950. Said patent describes compounds having the general formula wherein R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon bridge, each 1*: independently has one of the values 0 and l, and X is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The compounds having two oxirane rings and employed for combination with the reactive amine-moditied phenolaldehyde resin condensates as herein described are characterized by the following formula and cogenexically associated compounds formed in their preparation:

with certain basic hydroxylated secondary monoamines, in which R represents a divalent radical selected from the hereinafter described in detail, and formaldehyde; (2) oxyalkylation of the condensation product with certain phenolic polycpoxides hereinafter described in detail; and (3) oxyalkylation of the previously oxyalkylated resin condensate with certain monoepoxides, also hereinafter 5 described in detail.

For a number of reasons it is usually most desirable to use the diepoxide type of polyepoxide. In preparing diepoxides or the low molal polymers one usually obtains cogeneric materials which may include monoepoxides.

However, the cogeneric mixture is invariably characterized by the fact that there is on the average, based on the molecular weight, of course, more than one epoxide group per molecule.

A more limited aspect of the present invention is represented by the products wherein the polyepoxide is represented by (1) compounds of the following formula:

[mov -cnr- -g-lcwnm quent text, there are numerous references to such patents for purpose of supplying information and also for purpose of brevity.

class of ketone residues formed by the elimination of the ketonic oxygen atom and aldehyde residues obtained by the elimination of the aldehydic oxygen atom, the divalent radical the divalent radical, the divalent sulfone radical, and the divalent monosulfide radical S-, the divalent radical and the divalent disulfide radical SS; and R 0 is the divalent radical obtained by the elimination of a hydroxyl hydrogen atom and a nuclear hydrogen atom from the phenol plastic characterizes products as being liquids at ordinary temperature or readily convertible to liquids by merely heating below the point of pyrolysis and thus differentiates them from infusible resins. Reference to being soluble in an organic solvent means any of the usual 5 organic solvents, such as alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, mixed solvents, etc. Reference to solubility is merely to ditferentiate from a reactant which is not soluble and might be not only insoluble but also infusible. Furthermore, solubility is a factor insofar that it is sometimes desirable to dilute the compound containing the epoxy rings before reacting with the amine resin condensate. In such instances, of course, the solvent selected would have to be one which is not susceptible to oxyalkylation, as, for example, kerosene, benzene, toluene, dioxane, various ketones, chlorinated solvents, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol diethylether, diethyleneglycol diethylether, and dimethoxytetraethyleneglycol. The expression epoxy" is not usually limited to the 1,2-epoxy ring. The 1,2-epoxy ring is sometimes referred to as the oxirane ring to distinguish it from other epoxy rings. Hereinafter the word epoxy" unless indicated otherwise, will be used to mean the oxirane ring, i.e., the 1,2-epoxy ring. Furthermore, where a compound has two or more oxirane rings they will be referred to as polyepoxides. They usually represent, of course, 1,2- epoxide rings or oxirane rings in the alpha-omega position. This is a departure, of course, from the standpoint of strictly formal nomenclature as in the example of the simplest diepoxide which contains at least 4 carbon atoms and is formally described as l,2-epoxy-3,4-epoxybutane (l,2-3,4 diepoxybutane).

Having obtained a reactant having generally 2 epoxy rings as depicted in the last formula preceding, or low molal polymers thereof, it becomes obvious the reaction can take place with any amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin by virtue of the fact that there are always present reactive hydroxyl groups which are part of the phenolic nuclei and there may be present reactive hydrogen atoms attached to a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom, depending on the presence of a hydroxylated group or secondary amino group.

",lo illustrate the products which represent the subject matter. of the present invention reference will be made to a reaction involving a mole of the oxyalkylating agent, i.e., the compound having 2 oxirane rings and an amine condensate. Proceeding with the example previously de scribed it is obvious the reaction ratio of 2 moles of the amine condensate to one mole of the oxyalkylating agent gives a product which may be indicated as follows:

condensate) in which the various characters have their previous significance and the characterization condensate is simply an abbreviation for the condensate which is described in greater detail subsequently.

Such intermediate product in turn also must be soluble but solubility is not limited to an organic solvent but may include water, or for that matter, a solution of water containing an acid such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, etc. In other words, the nitrogen groups present, whether two or more, may or may not be significantly basic and it is immaterial whether aqueous solubility represents an anhydro base or the free base (combination with water) or a salt form which as the acetate, chloride, etc. The purpose in this instance is to differentiate from insoluble resinous materials, particularly those resulting from gelation or cross linking. Not only does this property serve to differentiate from instances where an insoluble material is desired, but also serves to emphasize the fact that in many instances the preferred compounds have distinct water-solubility or are distinctly dispersible in 5% gluconic acid. For instance, the products freed from any solvent can be shaken with 5 to 20 times their weight of 5% gluconic acid at ordinary temperature and show at least some tendency to-, wards being self-dispersing. The solvent which is generally tried is xylene. If xylene alone does not serve them a mixture of xylene and methanol, for instance, parts of xylene and 20 parts of methanol, or 70 parts of xylene and 30 parts of methanol, can be used. Sometimes it is desirable to add a small amount of acetone to the xylene-methanol mixture, for instance, 5% to 10% of acetone.

A mere examination of the nature of the products be fore and after treatment with the polyepoxide reveals that the polyepoxide by and large introduces increased hydrophobe character or, inversely, causes a decrease in hydrophile character. However, the solubility characteristics of the final product, i.e., the product obtained by oxyalkylation of a monoepoxide, may vary all over the map. This is perfectly understandable because ethylene oxide, glycide, and to a lesser extent methyl glycide, introduce predominantly hydrophile character, while propylene oxide and more especially butylene oxide, introduce primarily hydrophobe character. A mixture of the various oxides will produce a balancing in solubility characteristics or in the hydrophile-hydrophobe character so as to be about the same as prior to oxyalkylation with the monoepoxide.

The oxyalkylated polyepoxide treated condensates ob tained in the manner described are, in turn, oxyalkylationsusceptible and valuable derivatives can be obtained by further reaction with other alkylene oxides, for instance, styrene (phenyl ethylene) oxide, cyclohexyl ethylene oxide, ethylene imine, propylene imine, acrylonitrile, etc.

Similarly, the oxyalkylated polyepoxide-derived compounds can be reacted with a product having both a nitrogen group and a 1,2-epoxy group, such as 3dialkylaminoepoxypropane. See U.S. Patent No. 2,520,093, dated August 22, 1950, to Gross.

Although the herein described products have a number of industrial applications, they are of particular value for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type that are commonly referred to as cut oil roily oil," emulsified oil, etc., and which comprise fine droplets of naturally-occurring waters or brines dispersed in a more or less permanent state throughout the oil which constituted the continuous phase of the emulsion.

The new products are useful as wetting, detergent and leveling agents in the laundry, textile and dyeing indus- (condensate) tries; as wetting agents and detergents in the acid washing of building stone and brick; as wetting agents and spreaders in the application of asphalt in road building and the like; as a flotation reagent in the flotation separation of various aqueous suspensions containing negatively charged particles, such as sewage, coal washing waste water, and various trade wastes and the like; as germicides, insecticides, emulsifying agents, as, for example for cosmetics, spray oils, water-repellent textile finishes; as lubricants, etc.

As far as the use of the herein described products goes for purpose of resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, we particularly prefer to use those which as such or in the form of the free base or hydrate, i.e., combination with water or particularly in the form of a low molal organic acid salt such as the gluconates or the acetate or hydroxy acetate, have sufiiciently hydrophile character to at least meet the test set forth in U.S.

Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote et a]. In said patent such test for emulsification using a water-insoluble solvent, generally xylene, is described as an index of surface activity.

In the present instance the various oxyalkylated condensation products as such or in the form of the free base or in the form of the acetate, may not necessarily be xylene-soluble although they are in many instances. If such compounds are not xylene-soluble the obvious chemical equivalent or equivalent chemical test can be made by simply using some suitable solvent, preferably a watersoluble solvent such as ethylene glycol diethylether, or a low molal alcohol, or a mixture to dissolve the appropriate product being examined and then mix with the equal weight of xylene, followed by addition of water. Such test is obviously the same for the reason that there will be two phases on vigorous shaking and surface activity makes its presence manifest. It is understod the reference in the hereto appended claims as to the use of xylene in the emulsification test includes such obvious variant.

For purpose of convenience what is said hereinafter will be divided into ten parts with Part 3, in turn, being divided into three subdivisions:

Part 1 is concerned with our preference in regard to the polyepoxide and particularly the diepoxide reactant;

Part 2 is concerned with certain theoretical aspects of diepoxide preparation;

Part 3, Subdivision A, is concerned with the preparation of monomeric diepoxides, including Table I;

Part 3, Subdivision B, is concerned with the preparation of low molal polymeric epoxides or mixtures containing low molal polymeric epoxides as Well as the monomer and includes Table II;

Part 3, Subdivision C, is concerned with miscellaneous phenolic reactants suitable for diepoxide preparation;

Part 4 is concerned with the phenol-aldehyde resin which is subjected to modification by condensation reaction to yield the amine-modified resin;

Part 5 is concerned with appropriate basic hydroxylated secondary amines which may be employed in the preparation of the herein-described amine-modified resins;

Part 6 is concerned with reactions involving the resin, the amine, and formaldehyde to produce specific products or compounds which are then subjected to reaction with polyepoxides;

Part 7 is concerned with the reactions involving the two preceding types of materials and examples obtained by such reaction. Generally speaking, this involves nothing more than a reaction between 2 moles of a previously prepared amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate as described, and one mole of a polyepoxide so as to yield a new and larger resin molecule, or comparable product;

Part 8 is concerned with the use of a mono-epoxide in oxyalkylating the products described in Part 7, preceding i.e., those derived by means of reaction between a polyepoxide and an amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin as described;

Part 9 is concerned with the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type by means of the previously described chemical compounds or reaction products; and

Part 10 is concerned with uses for the products herein described, either as such or after modification, including any applications other than those involving resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type.

PART 1 As will be pointed out subsequently, the preparation of polyepoxides may include the formation of a small amount of material having more than two epoxide groups per molecule. If such compounds are formed they are perfectly suitable except to the extent they may tend to produce ultimate reaction products which are not solventsoluble liquids or low-melting solids. Indeed, they tend to form thermosetting resins or insoluble materials. Thus, the specific objective by and large is to produce diepoxides as free as possible from any monoepoxides and as free as possible from polyepoxides in which there are more than two epoxide groups per molecule. Thus, for practical purposes what is said hereinafter is largely limited to polyepoxides in the form of diepoxides.

As has been pointed out previously one of the reactants employed is a diepoxide reactant. It is generally obtained from phenol (hydroxybenzene) or substituted phenol. The ordinary or conventional manufacture of the epoxides usually results in the formation of a cogeneric mixture as explained subsequently. Preparation of the monomer or separation of the monomer from the remaining mass of the co-generic mixture is usually expensive. If monomers were available commercially at a low cost, or if they could be prepared without added expense for separation, our preference would be to use the monomer. Certain monomers have been prepared and described in the literature and will be referred to subsequently. However, from a practical standpoint one must weigh the advantage, if any, that the monomer has over other low molal polymers from a cost standpoint; thus, we have found that one might as well attempt to prepare a monomer and fully recognize that there may be present, and probably invariably are present, other low molal polymers in comparatively small amounts. Thus, the materials which are most apt to be used for practical reasons are either monomers with some small amounts of polymers present or mixtures which have a substantial amount of polymers present. Indeed, the mixture can be prepared free from monomers and still be satisfactory. Briefly, then, our preference is to use the monomer or the monomer with the minimum amount of higher polymers.

It has been pointed out previously that the phenolic nuclei in the epoxide reactant may be directly united, or united through a variety of divalent radicals. Actually, it is our preference to use those which are commercially available and for most practical purposes it means instances where the phenolic nuclei are either united directly without any intervening linking radical, or else united by a ketone residue or formaldehyde residue. The commercial bis-phenols available now in the open market illustrate one class. The diphenyl derivatives illustrate a second class, and the materials obtained by reacting substituted monofunctional phenols with an aldehyde illustrate the third class. All the various known classes may be used but our preference rests with these classes due to their availability and ease of preparation, and also due to the fact that the cost is lower than in other examples.

Although the diepoxide reactants can be produced in more than one way, as pointed out elsewhere, our preference is to produce them by means of the epichlorohydrin reaction referred to in detail subsequently.

One epoxide which can be purchased in the open market and contains only a modest amount of polymers corresponds to the derivative of bis-phenol A. It can be used as such, or the monomer can be separated by an added step which involves additional expense. This compound of the following structure is preferred as the epoxide reactant and will be used for illustration repeatedly with the full understanding that any of the other epoxides described are equally satisfactory, or that the higher polymers are satisfactory, or that mixtures of the monomer and higher polymers are satisfactory. The formula for this compound is suitable epoxide derived therefrom. Bis-phenol A is dihydroxy-diphenyl-dimethyl methane, with the 4,4 i

mers predominating and with lesser quantities of the 2,2 and 4,2 isomers being present. It is immaterial which one of these isomers is used and the commercially available mixture is entirely satisfactory.

Attention is again directed to the fact that in the in stant part, to wit, Part 1, and in succeeding parts, the text is concerned almost entirely with epoxides in which there is no bridging radical or the bridging radical is derived from an aldehyde or a ketone. It would be immaterial if the divalent linking radical would be derived from the other groups illustrated for the reason that nothing more than mere substitution of one compound for the other would be required. Thus, what is said hereinafter, although directed to one class or a few classes, applies with equal force and etlect to the other classes of epoxide reactants.

If sulfur-containing compounds are prepared they should be freed from impurities with considerable care for the reason that any time that a low-molal sulfurcontaining compound can react with epichlorohydrin there may be formed a by-product in which the chlorine happened to be particularly reactive and may represent a product, or a mixture of products, which would be unusually toxic, even though in comparatively small concentration.

PART 2 The polyepoxides and particularly the diepoxides can be derived by more than one method as, for example, the use of epichlorohydrin or glycerol dichlorohydrin. If a product such as bis-phenol A is employed the ultimate compound in monomeric form employed as a reactant in the present invention has the following structure:

OH; H H H 6 H H H O CH:

Treatment with epichlorohydrin, for example, does not yield this product initially but there is an intermediate produced which can be indicated by the following structure:

OH H H H C H H H Hco-Co OCC-CH (:1 6H H 211; H in; 31 Treatment with alkali, of course, forms the epoxy ring. A number of problems are involved in attempting to produce this compound free from cogeneric materials of related composition. The difiiculty stems from a number of sources and a few of the more important ones are as follows:

(1) The closing of the epoxy ring involves the use of caustic soda or the like which, in turn, is an effective catalyst in causing the ring to open in an oxyalkylation reaction.

Actually, what may happen for any one of a number of reasons is that one obtains a product in which there is only one epoxide ring and there may, as a matter of fact, be more than one hydroxyl radical as illustrated by the following compounds:

OH; H H H l H H H Ho-o (%o cC 0-%--o -orr .511, (H (5H (2) Even if one starts with the reactants in the preferred ratio, to wit, two parts of epichlorohydrin to one part of bisphenol A, they do not necessarily so react and as a result one may obtain products in which more than two epichlorohydrin residues become attached to a single bis-phenol A nucleus by virtue of the reactive hydroxyls present which enter into oxyalkylation reactions rather than ring closure reactions.

(3) As is well known, ethylene oxide in the presence of alkali, and for that matter in the complete absence of water, forms cyclic polymers. Indeed, ethylene oxide can produce a solid polymer. This same reaction can, and at times apparently does, take place in connection with compounds having one, or in the present instance, two substituted oxirane rings, i.e., substituted 1,2 epoxy rings. Thus, in many ways it is easier to produce a polymer, particularly a mixture of the monomer, dimer and trimer, than it is to produce the monomer alone. (4) As has been pointed out previously, monoepoxides may be present and, indeed, are almost invariably and inevitably present when one attempts to produce polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides. The reason is the one which has been indicated previously, together with the fact that in the ordinary course of reaction a diepoxide, such as may react with a mole of bis-phenol A to give a monoepoxy structure. Indeed, in the subsequent text immediately following reference is made to the dimers, trimers and tetramers in which two epoxide groups are present. Needless to say, compounds can be formed which correspond in every respect except that one terminal epoxide group is absent and in its place is a group having one chlorine atom and one hydroxyl group, or else two hydroxyl groups, or an unreacted phenolic ring.

(5) Some reference has been made to the presence of a chlorine atom and although all etiort is directed towards the elimination of any chlorine-containing molecule yet it is apparent that this is often an ideal approach rather than a practical possibility. Indeed, the same sort of reactants are some times employed to obtain products in which intentionally there is both an epoxide group and a chlorine atom present. See U.S. Patent No. 2,581,464, dated January 8, 1952, to Zech.

What has been said in regard to the theoretical aspect is, of course, closely related to the actual method of preparation which is discussed in greater detail in Part 3, particularly Subdivisions A and B. There can be no clear line between the theoretical aspect and actual preparative steps. However, in order to summarize or illustrate what has been said in Part 1, immediately preceding reference will be made to a typical example which already has been employed for purpose of illustration. The particular example is It is obvious that two moles of such material combine readily with one mole of bis-phenol A,

$11, to produce the product which is one step further along, at least, towards polymerization. In other words, one prior example shows the reaction product obtained from one mole of the bisphenol A and two moles of epichlorohydrin. This product in turn would represent three moles of bisphenol A and four moles of epichlorohydrin.

For purpose of brevity, without going any further, the next formula is in essence one which, perhaps in an idealized way, establishes the composition of resinous products available under the name of Epon Resins as now sold in the open market. See, also, chemical pamphlet entitled Epon Surface-Coating Resins, Shell Chemical essence Corporation, New York city. The word Epon" is a registered trade mark of the Shell Chemical Corporation.

10 At the eitpnse of repetition of what appeared pr viously, it may be well to recall that these materials may doOigo-cnrbm-cniljo-o-ip-o-lm 6n 51;

For the purpose of the instant invention, n may represent a number including zero, and at the most a low number such as l, 2 or 3. This limitation does not exist in actual eiforts to obtain resins as differentiated from the herein described soluble materials. It is quite probable that in the resinous products as marketed for coating use the value of n is usually substantially higher. Note again what has been said previously that any formula is, at best, an over-simplification, or at the most represents perhaps only the more important or principal constituent or constituents. These materials may vary or for greater simplicity the formula could be restated thus:

which are polyether derivatives of polyhydric phenols 35 in which. the various characters have their prior signifieontaining an average of more than one epoxide group permolecule and free from functional groups other than epoxide and hydroxyl groups.

Referring now to what has been said previously, to wit, compounds having both an epoxy ring or the equivalent and also a hydroxyl group, one need go no further than to consider the reaction product of and bisphenol A in a mole for-mole ratio, since the initial reactant would yield a product having an unreacted epoxy ring and two reactive hydroxyl radicals. Referring again to a previous formula, consider an example where two moles of bisphenol A have been reacted with 3 moles of epichlorohydrin. The simplest compound formed would be thus:

The same difficulty which involves the tendency to polymerize on the part of compounds having a reactive ring and a hydroxyl radical may be illustrated by com- 70 pounds where, instead of the oxirane ring (1,2-epoxy ring) there is present a 1,3-epoxy ring. Such compounds are derivatives of trimcthylene oxide rather than ethylene oxide. See US. Patents Nos. 2,462,047 and 2,462,048, both dated February 15, 1949, to Wyler.

The ease with which this type of 55 cance and in which R;O is the divalent radical obtained by the elimination of a hydroxyl hydrogen atom and a nuclear hydrogen atom from the phenol in which R, R", and R represent hydrogen and bydrocarbon substituents of the aromatic nucleus, said sub- 0 stituent member having not over 18 carbon atoms; n represents an integer selected from the class of zero and 1, and n represents a whole number not greater than 3.

@LG is.

PART 3 Subdivision A TABLE 1 Ex- Patent ample Diphenol Diglyoldyl ether refernumber enoe 1A DiEepoxypropoxyphenyhmethane 2, 506, 6 2A. Di epexypropoxyphenyllmethylmethane-. 2, 506, 456 3A. DKepoxypropoxyphenyi)dimethylmethene..- 2, 500, 486 4A- Dizepoxypropoxyphenyl)ethylmethyimethane- 2, 506, 486 1511. Di epoxypropoxyphenyl)diethylmethane 2, 506, 48 6A- D15apoxypropoxyphenyi)methylpropylmethenefl 2, 506, 4816 r 7A CH;O(CH (CQHJOH)I Di epoxypropoxyphenyl)methylphenylmethane-. 506, 486 8A. G;H5C(C;H5) C5H4OH):.. Dl(epoxypropoxyphenyl ethylphenylmethane-.. 2, 500, 486 9A- CQHYG(GBH5) C5H4OH),-. D1 epoxyprepegypheuyl grep lgggn lmethane-. 2, 506, 486 1011 C4HOC CBH51 CQHIOH)!. D1 epoxyprepoxyphenyl uty p y methane.-. 2, 506, 6 11A CH3OH0O Di epoxypropoxyphenylltolylmethane 2, 506, 486 OH;G.H4)C(O Di epoxypropoxyphenyl)tolylmethylmethene 2, 506, 486

13 ilfiydroxy dlphfiiliyl 4,4'-bis(2,3epoxypropoxy)diphen l 2, 530, 353 1111... (C :)O(O4H,On 30H); 2,2-bis(4-(2,3epoxypropexy)2-tert urybutyl phenybprop 2, 530, 353

Subdivision B As to the preparation of low-molal polymeric epoxides or mixtures reference is made to numerous patents and particularly the aforementioned U.S. P

558 and 2,582,985.

atents Nos. 2,575,-

i In light of aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 2,575,558,

the following examples can be specified by reference to 20 the formula therein provided one still bears in mind it is in essence an over-simplification.

TABLE [I I C--CC-- -OR{-' IRI.-R|OO-C-C- OR1[RI.,-R,OCC-C H; H H1 H: I Eh I H H H n (in which the characters have their previous signiflcenee) g Example ''Rl0 from H R1011 --R- 1| n Remarks number Bl. Hydrory benzene. 0H: 1 0,1,2 Phenol known as bisenel A. Low polymeric mixture e at 96 or more where n=0, remainder largely where I n'=1, some where n'=2. CH:

B2 ..do n 011w l 0, 1, 2 Phenol knownes bis-phenol B. See note (I: regarding B1 above. 1 CHI (1H1 B3 Orthebutylphenol...... CHI 1 0,1,2 Even though 11 is preferably 0, yet the l usual reaction product might well 0011- -0 tain materials where n is 1, or to a lesser degree 2. Ha

new... Orthoemylphenol 011' 1 0,1,2 Do.

BIL"... Orthooctylphenel. CH; 1 0,1,2 Do.

Be Orthononylphenol .l CH: 1 0,1,2 Do.

37......" Orthododecylphenol (31b 1 0,1,2 De.

138 Metecreeol CHI 1 0, 1, 2 See riot note. This phenol used es mi iel material is known as bis-phenol O. For other suitable bis-phenols see 5 U. 8. Patent 2,564,191.

B9 ..do 0H| 1 0,1,2 Bee prior note.

HI 1810....-. Dibuty1(ortho-pere) phenol, h C 1 0, 1, 2 De.

TABLE II--0ontinued Exam -R O- from HRIOH -R- n 0' Remarks num B11 Diamyl (ortho-para) phenol- I5 0, 1, 2 See prior note.

312.-.... Dloctyl (ortho-para) phenollg 0,1,2 Doi 1313 Dinonyl (ortho-para) phenol- 13 0,1,2 Do.

314.....- DlnmyHonho-pam) phenol. 1% 0,1,2 Do.

1315...... -----do 1% 0,1,2 Do.

1310-----. Hydroxy benzene E 0, 1, 2 Do;

1317.-...- Diamyl phenol (Ol'lZhO-PBIB)- -s-s- 0,1,2 Do;

318 do -B 0,1,2 Dol 1319---..- Dibntyl phenol (ortho-para)- 1g 1% 0,1,2 Do;

1320 In H H 0,1,2 Do.

g H H 321--.... DlnouylphenoKortho-pare). 1(5)! 1% 0,1,2 Do;

1322.-..-. Hydrory benzene 0, 1, 2 Do.

1323. .-do None 0,1,2 Do.

1.... l h l CH 0 1 2 Bee prior note. (As to reparation oi 4,4- 324' Ommisopmpy p em isopropylldene bisisopropylphenol) see U. B. Patent 0. 2,482,748, dated J3 Sept. 27, 1949, to Dietzler.)

I -CH B-CH 012 See prlornote. (Asto re aratlonoftha B26 Pam-WW1 phano r I phenol sulfide see Patent No. 2,488,134, dated Nov. 15, 1949, to Mikeska et 51.)

cm. CH 0 2 See prior note. (As to don oitha BM- Hydmxybamene phenol sulfide see Patent No.

(JaHl Subdivision C The prior examples have been limited largely to those in which there is no divalent linking radical, as in the ease of diphenyl compounds, or where the linking radical is derived from a ketone or aldehyde, particularly a ketone. Needless to say, the same procedure is employed in converting diphenyl into a diglycidyl ether regardless of the nature of the bond between the two phenolic nuclei. For purpose of illustration attention is directed to numerous other diphenols which can be readily converted to a suitable polyepoxide, and particularly diepoxide, reactant.

As previously pointed out the initial phenol may be substituted, and the substituent group in turn may be a cyclic group such as the phenyl group or cyclohexyl group as in the instance of cyclohexylphenol or phenylphenol. Such (I e in.

HO OH Similar phenols which are mouofunctional, for instance,

70 paraphenyl phenol or paracyclohexyl phenol with an additional substituent in the ortho position, may be our ployed in reactions previously referred to, for instance;.

with formaldehyde or sulfur chlorides to give comparable phenolic compounds having 2 hydroxyls and suitable for subsequent reaction with epichlorohydrin, etc,

' 15 Other samples include:

Ha a

wherein R is a substituent selected from the class consisting of secondary butyl and tertiary butyl groups and R, is a substituent selected from the class consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups, and wherein said alkyl group contains at least 3 carbon atoms. See U.S. Patent No. 2,515,907.

l lI n in which the C H groups are secondary amyl groups. See U.S. Patent No. 2,504,064.

CcHa s u See U.S. Patent No. 2,285,563.

See U.S. Patent No. 2,503,196.

wherein R is a member of the group consisting of alkyl, and alkoxyalkyl radicals containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, inclusive, and aryl and chloraryl radicals of the benzene series. See U.S. Patent No. 2,526,545.

Q Q i.

wherein R is a substituent selected from the class consisting of secondary butyl and tertiary butyl groups and R, is a substituent selected from the class consisting of Iss .alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups. See

U.S. Patent No. 2,515,906.

crr=cn H|C OH3 s See U.S. Patent No. 2,515,908.

As to sulfides, the following compound is of interest:

See U.S. Patent No. 2,331,448.

As to descriptions of various suitable phenol sulfides, reference is made to the following patents: U.S. Patents Nos. 2,246,321, 2,207,719, 2,174,248, 2,139,766, 2,244,

021, and 2,195,539.

As to sulfones, see U.S. Patent No. 2,122,958.

As to suitable compounds obtained by the use of formaldehyde or some other aldehyde, particularly compounds such as Alkyl R Alkyl Alkyl Alkyl in which R is a methylene radical, or a substituted methylene radical which represents the residue of an aldehyde and is preferably the unsubstituted methylene radical derived from formaldehyde. See U.S. Patent No.

See also U.S. Patent No. 2,581,919 which describes di(dialkyl cresol) sulfides which include the monoculfides, the disulfides, and the polysulfides. The following formula represents the various dicresol sulfides of this invention:

OH OH; OH; OH

fore, includes monosulfide, disulfide, and polysulfides.

PART 4 It is well known that one can readily purchase on the open market, or prepare, fusible, organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble resin polymers of a composition approximated in an idealized form by the formula In the above formula n represents a small whole number varying from 1 to 6, 7 or 8, or more, up to probably 10 or 12 units, particularly when the resin is subjected to heating under a vacuum as described in the literature. A limited sub-genus is in the instance of low molecular weight polymers where the total number of phenol nuclei varies from 3 to 6, i.e., n varies from 1 to 4; R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent, generally an alkyl radical having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a butyl, amyl, hexyl, decyl, or dodecyl radical. Where the divalent bridge radical is shown as being derived from formaldehyde it may, of course, be derived from any other reactive aldehyde having 8 carbon atoms or less.

Because a resin is organic solvent-soluble does not mean it is necessarily soluble in any organic solvent. This is particularly true where the resins are derived from tri-functional phenols as previously noted. However, even when obtained from a difunctional phenol, for instance paraphcnylphenol, one may obtain a resin which is not soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene, or xylene, \but requires an oxygenated solvent such as a low molal alcohol, dioxane, or diethyleneglycol diethylether. Sometimes a mixture of the two solvents (oxygenated and nonoxygenated) will serve. See Example 9a of US. Patent No. 2,499,365, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Keiser.

The resins herein employed as raw materials must be soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene or xylene. This presents no problem insofar that all that is required is to make a solubility test on commercially available resins, or else prepare resins which are xylene or benzene-soluble as described in aforementioned US. Patent No. 2,499,365, or in US. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Keiser. In said patent there are described oxyalkylation-susceptible, fusible, nonoxygenated-organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, low-stage phenolaldehyde resins having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule. These resins are difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity, are derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol, and are formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols. The phenol is of the formula the resultant product might be illustrated thus:

R OH OH OH R H N i[ O-N H H H H R R R n R The basic hydroxylated amine may be designated thus:

In conducting reactions of this kind one does not necessarily obtain a hundred percent yield for obvious reasons. Certain side reactions may take place. For instance, 2 moles of amine may combine with one mole of the aldehyde, or only one mole of the amine may combine with the resin molecule, or even to a very slight extent, if at all, 2 resin units may combine without any amine in the reaction product, as indicated in the following formulas:

As has been pointed out previously, as far as the resin unit goes one can use a mole of aldehyde other than formaldehyde, such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde or butyraldehyde. The resin unit may be exemplified thus:

in which R is the divalent radical obtained from the particular aldehyde employed to form the resin. For reasons which are obvious the condensation product obtained appears to be described best in terms of the method of manufacture.

As previously stated the preparation of resins, the kind herein employed as reactants, is well known. See previously mentioned US. Patent 2,499,368. Resins can be made using an acid catalyst or basic catalyst or a catalyst having neither acid nor basic properties in the ordinary sense or without any catalyst at all. It is preferable that the resins employed be substantially neutral. In other words, if prepared by using a strong acid as a catalyst, such strong acid should be neutralized. Similarly, if a strong base is used as a catalyst it is preferable that the base be neutralized although we have found that sometimes the reaction described proceeded more rapidly in the presence of a small amount of a free base. The amount may be as small as a 200th of a percent and as much as a few l0ths of a percent. Sometimes moderate increase in caustic soda and caustic potash may be used. However, the most desirable procedure in practically every case is to have the resin neutral.

In preparing resins one does not get a single polymer, i.e., one having just 3 units, or just 4 units, or just 5 units, or ust 6 units, etc. It is usually a mixture; for instance, one approximating 4 phenolic nuclei will have some trimer and pentamer present. Thus, the molecular weight may be such that it corresponds to a fractional value for n as, for example, 3.5, 4.5 or 5.2.

In the actual manufacture of the resins we found no reason for using other than those which are lowest in price and most readily available commercially. For purposes of convenience suitable resins are characterized in the following table:

TABLE III Moi. wt. Ex- Position R' of resin ample R of R derived n molecule number from- (based on n+2) la...---- Tertiary buty] Para. 3. 882. 5

Secondary butyl. Ortho 3. 882. 5 Tertiary am Para. 3. 959. 5 Mixed secondary Ortho.-- 3. 805. 5

and tertiary nmyl.

Para.

16a Tertiary amyl do 3. 1, 16a Nonyl do 3. 1, 17a Tert ary butyl do. Prgrgoral- 3. 1, 18a Tertiary amyl 1, 19a Non l. 1 20a Tert ary buty Tertiary amyl Non l 29a Octyl -.d0..-. -..d 1. 786. Nonyl o 1. 835.

PART

As has been pointed out previously the amine herein employed as a reactant is a basic hydroxylated secondary monoamine whose composition is indicated thus:

in which R represents a monovalent alkyl, alicyclic, arylalkyl radical which may be heterocyclic in a few instances as in a secondary amine derived from furfurylamine by reaction of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. Furthermore, at least one of the radicals designated by R must have at least one hydroxyl radical. A large number of secondary amines are available and may be suitably employed as reactants for the present purpose. Among others, one may employ diethanolamine, methyl ethanolamine, dipropanolamine and ethylpropanolamine. Other suitable secondary amines are obtained, of course, by taking any suitable primary amine, such as an alkylamine, an arylalkylamine, or an alicyclic amine, and treating the amine with one mole of an oxyalkylating agent, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, or methylglycide. Suitable primary amines Which can be so converted into secondary amines, include butylamine, amylamine, hexylamine, higher molecular weight amines derived from fatty acids, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, furfurylamine, etc. In other instances secondary amines which have at least one hydroxyl radical can be treated similarly with an oxyalkylating agent, or, for that matter, with an alkylating agent such as benzylchloride, esters of chloracetic acid, alkyl bromides, dimethylsulfate, esters of sulfonic acid, etc., so as to convert the primary amine into a secondary amine. Among others, such amines include Z-amino-l-butanol, Z-aminQ-Z-meth- 20 yl-l-propanol, Z-amino-Z -methyl-l,3 propanediol, 2- amino-2-ethy1-1,3-propanediol, and tris(hydroxymethyl)- aminomethane. Another example of such amines is illustrated by 4-amino-4-methyl-2-pentanol.

Similarly, one can prepare suitable secondary amines which have not only a hydroxyl group but also one or more divalent oxygen linkages as part of an ether radical. Examples include:

HOCBHA HO (3 H.

(C11 0 CHCH O CH|CH30 OH CH or comparable compounds having two hydroxylated groups of different lengths as in Other examples of suitable amines include alpha-methylbenzylamine and monoethanolamine; also amines obtained by treating cyclohexylmethylamine with one mole of an oxyalkylating agent as previously described; betaethylhexyl-butanolamine, diglycerylamine, etc. Another type of amine which is of particular interest because it includes a very definite hydrophile group includes sugar amines such as glucatnine, galactamine and fructamine, such as N-hydroxyethylglucamine, N-hydroxyethylgalactamine, and N-hydroxyethylfructamine.

Other suitable amines may be illustrated by CH: HO.CH:.('].CH:OH

in HO.OHIJ J.CH:OH

CH GHI.(IJ.CHIOH 1 m CHl-Z-CHIOH See, also, corresponding hydroxylated amines which can be obtained from rosin or similar raw materials and described in US. Patent No. 2,510,063, dated June 6, 1950, to Bried. Still other examples are illustrated by treatment of certain secondary amines, such as the following, with a mole of an oxyalkylating agent as described; phenoxyethylaminc, phenoxypropylarnine, phenoxyalphemethylethylamine, and phenoxypropylamine.

Other procedures for production of suitable compounds having a hydroxyl group and a single basic amino nitrogen atom can be obtained from any suitable alcohol, or the like by reaction with a reagent which contains an epoxide group and a secondary amine group. Such reactants are described, for example, in US. Patents Nos. 1,977,251 and 1,977,253, both dated October 16, 1934, to Stall- 21 mann. Among the reactants described in said latter patent are the following:

The products obtained by the herein described processes represent cogeneric mixtures which are the result of a condensation reaction or reactions. Since the resin molecule cannot be defined satisfactorily by formula, although it may be so illustrated in an idealized simplification, it is difficult to actually depict the final product of the cogeneric mixture except in terms of the process itself.

Previous reference has been made to the fact that the procedure herein employed is comparable, in a general way, to that which corresponds to somewhat similar derivatives made either from phenols as difierentiated from a resin, or in the manufacture of a p'henol-amine-aldehyde resin; or else from a particularly selected resin and an amine and formaldehyde in the manner described in Bruson Patent No. 2,031,557 in order to obtain a heatreactive resin. Since the condensation products obtained are not heat-convertible and since manufacture is not restricted to a single phase system, and since temperatures up to 150 C. or thereabouts may be employed, it is obvious that the procedure becomes comparatively simple. Indeed, perhaps no description is necessary over and above what has been said previously, in light of subsequent examples. However, for purpose of clarity the following details are included.

A convenient piece of equipment for preparation of these cogeneric mixtures is a resin pot of the kind described in aforementioned US. Patent No. 2,499,368. In most instances the resin selected is not apt to be a fusible liquid at the early or low temperature stage of reaction if employed as subsequently described; in fact, usually it is apt to be a solid at distinctly higher temperatures, for instance, ordinary room temperature. Thus, we have found it convenient to use a solvent and particularly one which can be removed readily at a comparatively moderate temperature, for instance, at 15 C. A suitable solvent is usually benzene, xylene, or a comparable petroleum hydrocarbon or a mixture of such or similar solvents. Indeed, resins which are not soluble except in oxygenated solvents or mixtures containing such solvents are not here included as raw materials. The reaction can be conducted in such a way that the initial reaction, and perhaps the bulk of the reaction, takes place in a polyphase system. However, if desirable, one can use an oxygenated solvent such as a low-boiling alcohol, including ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, etc. Higher alcohols can be used or one can use a comparatively non-volatile solvent such as dioxane or the diethylether of ethyleneglycol. One can also use a mixture of henzene or xylene and such oxygenated solvents. Note that the use of such oxygenated solvent is not required in the sense that it is not necessary to use an initial resin which is soluble only in an oxygenated solvent as just noted, and it is not necessary to have a single phase system for reaction.

Actually, water is apt to be present as a solvent for the reason that in most cases aqueous formaldehyde is employed, which may be the commercial product which is approximately 37%, or it may be diluted down to about 30% formaldehyde. However, paraformaldehyde can be used but it is more difiicult perhaps to add a solid material instead of the liquid solution and, everything else being equal, the latter is apt to be more economical. In any event, water is present as water of reaction. If the solvent is completely removed at the end of the process, no problem is involved if the material is used for any subsequent reaction. However, if the reaction mass is going to be subjected to some further reaction where the solvent may he objectionable as in the case of ethyl or hexyl alcohol, and if there is to be subsequent oxyalkylation, then, obviously, the alcohols should not be used or else it should be removed. The fact that an oxygenated solvent need not be employed, of course, is an advantage for reasons stated.

Another factor, as far as the selection of solvent goes, is whether or not the cogeneric mixture obtained at the end of the reaction is to be used as such or in the salt form. The cogeneric mixtures obtained are apt to be solids or thick viscous liquids in which there is some change from the initial resin itself, particularly if some of the initial solvent is apt to remain without complete removal. Even if one starts with a resin which is almost water-white in color, the products obtained are almost invariably a dark red in color or at least a red-amber, or some color which includes both an amber component and a reddish component. By and large, the melting point is apt to be lower and the products may be more sticky and more tacky than the original resin itself. Depending on the resin selected and on the amine selected the condensation product or reaction mass on a solvent-free basis may be hard, resinous and comparable to the resin itself.

The products obtained, depending on the reactants selected, may be water-insoluble, or water-dispersible, or water-soluble, or close to being water-soluble. Water solubility is enhanced, of course, by making a solution in the acidified vehicle such as a dilute solution, for instance. a 5% solution of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxy acetic acid, etc. One also may convert the finished product into salts by simply adding a stoichiometric amount of any selected acid and removing any water present by refluxing with benzene or the like. In fact, the selection of the solvent employed may depend in part whether or not the product at the completion of the reaction is to be converted into a salt form.

In the next succeeding paragraph it is pointed out that frequently it is convenient to eliminate all solvent, using a temperature of not over C. and employing vacuum, if required. This applies, of course, only to those circumstances Where it is desirable or necessary to remove the solvent. Petroleum solvents, aromatic solvents, etc. can be used. The selection of solvent, such as benzene, xylene, or the like, depends primarily on cost, i.e., the use of the most economical solvent and also on three other factors, two of which have been previously mentioned; (a) is the solvent to remain in the reaction mass without removal?; (b) is the reaction mass to be subjected to further reaction in which the solvent, for instance, an alcohol, either low boiling or high boiling, might interfere as in the case of oxyalkylationl; and the third factor is this, (0) is an effort to be made to purify the reaction mass by the usual procedure as, for example, a water-wash to remove any unreacted low molal soluble amine, if employed and present after reaction? Such procedures are well known and, needless to say, certain solvents are more suitable than others. Everything else being equal, we have found xylene the most satisfactory solvent.

We have found no particular advantage in using a low temperature in the early stage of the reaction because, and for reasons explained, this is not necessary although it does apply in some other procedures that, in a general way, bear some similarity to the present procedure. There is no objection, of course, to giving the reaction an opportunity to proceed as far as it will at some low temperature, for instance, 30 to 40 but ultimately one must employ the higher temperature in order to obtain products of the kind herein described. It a lower temperature reaction is used initially the period is not critical,

in fact, it may be anything from a few hours up to 24 hours. We have not found any case where it was necessary or even desirable to hold the low temperature stage for more than 24 hours. In fact, we are not convinced there is any advantage in holding it at this stage for more than 3 or 4 hours at the most. This, again, is a matter of convenience largely for one reason. In heating and stirring the reaction mass there is a tendency for formaldehyde to be lost. Thus, if the reaction can be conducted at a lower temperature, then the amount of unreacted formaldehyde is decreased subsequently and makes it easier to prevent any loss. Here, again, this lower temperature is not necessary by virtue of heat convertibility as previously referred to.

If solvents and reactants are selected so the reactants and products of reaction are mutually soluble, then agitation is required only to the extent that it helps cooling or helps distribution of the incoming formaldehyde. This mutual solubility is not necessary as previously pointed out but may be convenient under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if the products are not mutually soluble then agitation should be more vigorous for the reason that reaction probably takes place principally at the interfaces and the more vigorous the agitation the more interfacial area. The general procedure employed is invariably the same when adding the resin and the selected solvent, such as benzene or xylene. Refluxing should be long enough to insure that the resin added, preferably in a powdered form, is completely soluble. However, if the resin is prepared as such it may be added in solution form, just as preparation is described in aforementioned U.S. Patent 2,499,368. After the resin is in complete solution the amine is added and stirred. Depending on the amine selected, it may or may not be soluble in the resin solution. If it is not soluble in the resin solution it may be soluble in the aqueous formaldehyde solution. If so, the resin then will dissolve in the formaldehyde solution as added, and if not, it is even possible that the initial reaction mass could be a threephase system instead of a two-phase system although this would be extremely unusual. This solution, or mechanical mixture, if not completely soluble is cooled to at least the reaction temperature or somewhat below, for example 35 C. or slightly lower, provided this initial low temperature stage is employed. The formaldehyde is then added in a suitable form. For reasons pointed out we prefer to use a solution and whether to use a commercial 37% concentration is simply a matter of choice. In large scale manufacturing there may be some advantage in using a 30% solution of formaldehyde but apparently this is not true on a small laboratory scale or pilot plant scale. 30% formaldehyde may tend to decrease any formaldehyde loss or make it easier to control unreacted formaldehyde loss.

Returning again to the preferred method of reaction and particularly from the standpoint of laboratory procedure employing a glass resin pot, when the reaction has proceeded as one can reasonably expect at a low temperature, for instance, after holding the reaction mass with or without stirring, depending on whether or not it is homogeneous, at 30 or 40 C., for 4 or 5 hours, or at the most, up to -24 hours, we then complete the reaction by raising the temperature up to 150 C., or thereabouts as required. The initial low temperature procedure can be eliminated or reduced to merely the shortest period of time which avoids loss of amine or formaldehyde. At a higher temperature we use a phaseseparating trap and subject the mixture to reflux condensation until the water of reaction and the water of solution of the formaldehyde is eliminated. We then permit the temperature to rise to somewhere about 100 C., and generally slightly above 100 C., and below 150 C., by eliminating the solvent or part of the solvent so the reaction mass stays within this predetermined range. This period of heating and refluxing, after the water is eliminated, is continued until the reaction mass is homogeneous and then for one to three hours longer. The removal of the solvents is conducted in a conventional manner in the same way as the removal of solvents in resin manufacture as described in aforementioned US. Patent No. 2,499,368.

Needless to say, as far as the ratio of reactants goes we have invariably employed approximately one mole of the resin based on the molecular weight of the resin molecule, 2 moles of the secondary amine and 2 moles of formaldehyde. In some instances we have added a trace of caustic as an added catalyst but have found no particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of formaldehyde and, again, have not found any particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of amine and, again, have not found any particular advantage in so doing. Whenever feasible we have checked the completeness of reaction in the usual ways, including the amount of Water of reaction, molecular weight, and particularly in some instances have checked whether or not the endproduct showed surface-activity, particularly in a dilute acetic acid solution. The nitrogen content after removal of unreacted amine, if any is present, is another index.

In light of what has been said previously, little more need be said as to the actual procedure employed for the preparation of the herein described condensation products. The following example will serve by way of illustration.

Example 1b The phenol-aldehyde resin is the one that has been identified previously as Example 2a. It was obtained from a para-tertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde. The resin was prepared using an acid catalyst which was completely neutralized at the end of the reaction. The molecular weight of the resin was 882.5. This corresponded to an average of about 3% phenolic nuclei, as the value for n which excludes the 2 external nuclei, i.e., the resin was largely a mixture having 3 nuclei and 4 nuclei, excluding the 2 external nuclei, or 5 and 6 overall nuclei. The resin so obtained in a neutral state had a light amber color.

882 grams of the resin identified as 2a preceding were powdered and mixed with 700 grams of xylene. The mixture was refluxed until solution was complete. It was then adjusted to approximately 30 to 35 C. and 210 grams of diethanolamine added. The mixture was stirred vigorously and formaldehyde added slowly. The formaldehyde used was a 37% solution and 160 grams were employed which were added in about 3 hours. The mixture was stirred vigorously and kept within a temperature range of 30 to 45 C. for about 21 hours. At the end of this period of time it was refluxed, using a phase-separating trap and a small amount of aqueous distillate withdrawn from time to time and the presence of unreacted formaldehyde noted. Any unreacted formaldehyde seemed to disappear within approximately 3 hours after the refluxing was started. As soon as the odor of formaldehyde was no longer detectable the phaseseparating trap was set so as to eliminate all water of solution and reaction. After the water was eliminated part of the xylene was removed until the temperature reached about C. The mass was kept at this higher temperature for about 3% hours and reaction stopped. During this time any additional water, which was probably water of reaction which had formed, was eliminated by means of the trap. The residual xylene was permitted to stay in the cogeneric mixture. A small amount of the sample was heated on a water bath to remove the excess xylene and the residual material was dark red in color and had the consistency of a sticky fluid or a tacky resin. The overall reaction time was a little over 30 hours. In other instances it has varied from approximately 24 to 36 hours. The time can be reduced by cutting the low temperature period to about 3 to 6 hours.

Note that in Table IV following there are a large number of added examples illustrating the same procedure. In each case the initial mixture was stirred and held at a fairly low temperature (30 to 40 C.) for a period of several hours. Then refluxing was employed until the odor of formaldehyde disappeared. After the odor of formaldehyde disappeared the phase-separating trap was employed to separate out all the water, both the solution and condensation. been separated enough xylene was taken out to have the final product reflux for several hours somewhere in the range of 145 to 150 C., or thereabouts. Usually the mixture yielded a clear solution by the time the bulk of the water, or all of the water, had been removed. 15

Note that as pointed out previously, this procedure is illustrated by 24 examples in Table IV.

After all the water had 10 26 PART 7 The products obtained as herein described by reactions involving amine condensates and diglycidyl ethers or the equivalent are valuable for use as such. This is pointed out in detail elsewhere. However, in many instances the derivatives obtained by oxyalkylation are even more valuable and from such standpoint the herein described products may be considered as valuable intermediates. Subsequent oxyalkylation involves the use of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, etc. Such oxyalkylating agents are monoepoxides as differentiated from polyepoxides.

It becomes apparent that if the product obtained is to be treated subsequently with a monoepoxide which may require a pressure vessel as in the case of ethylene oxide, it is convenient to use the same reaction vessel in both instances. In other words, the 2 moles of the TABLE IV Strength of Reac- Reac- Max. Ex Resin Amt., iormal- Solvent used tion tion dis- No used grs. Amine used and amount dehyde and amt. temp., time till.

soln. and 0. (hrs; tom amt. 8B2 Diethanolamine, 210 g.. 37%, 162 g Xylene, 700 g. 22-26 32 137 480 Diethanolamine, 105 g Xylene, 450 g 28 150 633 d d Xylene, 600 g 36 145 441 Dipropan 30%, 100 Xylene, 400 g 34 146 480 .d l d Xylene, 450 g 24 141 633 do .t Xylene, 600 1;... 21-28 24 145 882 Ethylethanolamine, 178 g. 37%, 162 g Xylene, 700 g.... 20-26 24 152 480 Ethylethanolamine, 89 g. 37%, yl n 450 8 24-30 28 151 633 do e .d Xylene, 600 g 22-25 27 147 473 Cyclohexylethanolamine, 143 g- 30%, 100 g. Xylene, 450 g 21-31 31 146 511 o r 37%, 81 g.- d0. 22-23 36 148 665 d.0 do Xylene, 550 gm. 20-24 27 152 CflHlOCjBAOCIHA 13b. 2a.". 441 NH, 176 g do Xylene, 400 gm. 21-25 24 150 0|H5OCH4OC3H1 14ba..." 480 NH, 176 g do Xylene, 450 5.". 20-26 26 14s HOCgH4 CjH5OOIHAOCgH4 15b 9a"--- 595 NH, 176g do Xylene, 550 1;...- 21-27 30 147 HOC H,

HOCaH4OC:H| 4

16b- 211"... 441 NH, 192 g "dean--- Xylene, 400 g -22 143 HOCIHAO 0|H 0 03H:

17b. 5a- 480 NH, 192 g d0 (10 20-25 223 150 HOO'HA HOOnHqOCgHrOUzHt 18hr. 1411.... 511 NH, 192 g ..do Xylene, 500 8.... 21-24 32 149 HOOIHt H0 OsHgOCglLOCgIL 196.--. 2211..-- 498 NH, 192 g ..do Xylene, 450 gm. 22-25 32 153 C M QL):

201), e. 230..-- 542 NH, 206 g 30%. gm Xylene, 5110 2.... 21-23 36 151 CHI(OCIH4) 21b 250" 547 NH, 206 g do-.- ..do. 25-30 34 148 HOCQH CH;(0O,H|):

22b. 2a.-- 441 NH, 206 g do Xylene, 400 g.. 22-23 31 146 HOCIHI 23b. 596 Decylethanolamine, 201 g Xylene, 500 g 22-27 24 240 391 Decylethanolamlne, 100 g Xylene, 300 g-.- 21-25 26 147 27 amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate would be reacted with a polyepoxide and then subsequently with a monoepoxide. In any event, if desired the polyepoxide reaction can be conducted in an ordinary reacphenol and formaldehyde. Condensate 2b employed as reactants resin 5a and diethanolarnine. The amount of resin employed was 480 grams; the amount of diethanolamine employed was 105 grams, and the amount of 37% tion vessel, such as the usual glass laboratory equipment. 5 f ld h d employed was 31 gums, and the amount This is Particularly true of the kind used for of solvent (xylene) employed was 450 grams. All this facture as described in a number of patents, as for examhasbeen describbd previously. D Patnni 2,499,365 The solution of the condensate in xylene was adjusted cognizance nilnuid be taken Of 0115 Pafncuiar feature to a 50% solution. In this particular instance, and in in Connect-ion With the reaction involving the Polyepoxide practically all the others which appear in the subsequent a d a is this; the amine-mndified 19helloi-diciehlde table, the examples are characterized by the fact that resin condensate is invariably basin and thus need no alkaline catalyst was added. The reason is, of course, not add n 1181191 Catalysts which} are used to l i that the condensate as such is strongly basic. If desired, Such feacnons- Generally Speaking, the reaction Win a small amount of an alkaline catalyst could be added, proceed at a satisfactory rate under suitable conditions h as fi l powdered caustic soda, di methylate, Without y catalyst at etc. If such alkaline catalyst is added it may speed up EmPioying P Y P in combination with an the reaction but it also may cause an undesirable reacbasic reactant the usual catalysts include alkaline matetion, such as the polymerization of a diepoxide. rials c a caustic Soda, caustic P Sodium 20 In any event, 119 grams of the condensate dissolved Y Other catalysts y be acidic in nature and in approximately an equal amount of xylene were stirred are of the kind characterized by iron and tin chloride. a d h ted to 100 C., and 17 grams of diepoxide pre- Furthermore, insoluble catalysts such as clays or speviously identified as 3A and dissolved in an equal weight cially prepared mine al atalysts a n nsed- I of xylene were added dropwise. An initial addition of any reason the reaction did not proceed rapidly enough the xylene solution carried the temperature to about with the diglycidyl ether 01' ther ana g a t 108 C. The remainder of the diepoxide was added in then a small amount of finely divided caustic soda or approximately an hours time. During this period of sodium methylate could be employed as a catalyst. The time the reaction rose to about 126 C. The product amount generally employed would be 1% or 2%. was allowed to reflux at approximately 125 C. to 130 C. It goes without saying that the reaction can take place using a phase-separating trap. A small amount of xylene in an inert solvent, i.e., one that is not oxyalkylationwas removed by means of this phase-separating trap so susceptible. Generally speaking, this is most couventhe reflux temperature rose gradually to about 180 C. icntly an aromatic solvent such as xylene or a higher The mixture was then refluxed at 180 C. for approxiboiling coal tar solvent, or else a similar high boiling mately 5 hours until the reaction stopped and the xylene aromatic solvent obtained from petroleum. One can which had been removed during the reflux period was employ an oxygenated solvent such as the diethylether returned to the mixture. A small amount of material of ethylene glycol, or the diethylether of propylene glycol, was withdrawn and the xylene evaporated on a hot plate or similar ethers, either alone or in combination with in order to examine the physical properties. The matea hydrocarbon solvent. The selection of the solvent rial was a dark red viscous semi-solid. It was insoluble depends in part on the subsequent use of the derivatives in water, it was insoluble in a 5% gluconic acid solution or reaction products. If the reaction products are to be but was soluble in xylene and particularly in a mixture rendered solvent-free and it is necessary that the solvent of 80% xylene and 20% methanol. be readily removed as, for example, by the use of vac- 4:, However, if the material was dissolved in an oxygenuum distillation, thus xylene or an aromatic petroleum ated solvent and then shaken with 5% gluconic acid it will serve. If the product is going to be subjected to showed a definite tendency to disperse, suspend, or form oxyalkylation subsequently, then the solvent should be a sol, and particularly in a xylene-methanol mixed solone which is not oxyalkylation-susceptible. It is easy vent as previously described, with or without the further enough to select a suitable solvent if required in any inaddition of a little acetone. stance but, everything else being equal, the solvent chosen The procedure employed of course is simple in light should be the most economical one. of what has been said previously and in effect is a pro- Exampte 1C cedure similar to that employed in the use of glycide or methylglycide as oxyalkylating agents. See, for example, The product was obtained y a i between the Part 1 of US. Patent No. 2,602,062 dated July 1, 1952, diepoxide previously designated as diepoxide 3A, and to De Groote. condensate 2b. Condensate 2b was obtained from resin Various examples obtained in substantially the same 5a. Resin 5a in turn was obtained from tertiary amylmanner are enumerated in the following tables:

TABLE v Con- Dle Time Max. Ex. dan- Amia, ext 0 Amt, Xylene, Molar ofreaoturnp Color and physical state No. sate grs. zrs. grs. ratio tlon, 0.

hrs.

119 3A 17 136 2:1 5 180 Dark viscous semi-solid. as 17 142 2:1 5 180 Do. 103 as 17 125 an 5 Do. 116 3A 17 133 2:1 5 120 Do. 126 an 17 143 2:1 5 190 Do. 164 3A 17 181 2:1 6 Dark solid mass. 12s as 17 143 2:1 6 D0. 1% s11 17 160 2:1 s 190 D0. 140 an 17 157 2:1 6 Do. 152 311 17 109 2:1 6 190 Do.

Solubility in regard to all these compounds was substantially similar to that which was described in Example 10.

TABLE VI Con- Diep Time Max. Ex. den- Amt, oxide Amt Xylene, Molar o! reactemoo, Color and physlcalstste No. sate grs. used grs. grs. ratio tion,

used hrs.

1D 110 B1 27.5 146.5 2:1 6 185 Dark viscous semi-solid. 2D 125 B1 27. 152. 5 21 7 155 Do. 3D 1118 B1 27.5 135.5 2:1 s 130 Do. 411... 115 B1 27. 5 14.3. 5 2:1 5 182 Do. 511... 125 B1 27. 5 153. 5 2;1 s 185 Do. 6D 164 B1 27. 5 191. 5 2:1 8 190 Dark solid mass. 7 125 B1 27.5 153.5 2:1 1 180 Do. 8 143 B1 27.5 170.5 2=1 s 134 Do. on... 140 B1 27. 5 157. 5 2:1 8 185 Do. 10D.-- 152 B1 27. 5 179. 5 2:1 s 190 Do.

Solubility in regard to all these compounds was substantially similar to that which was described in Example 10.

TABLE VII agent, to wit, a polyepoxide and usually a diepoxide. The

procedure described in the present part is a further oxym Prlobablef A f A f Probable: alkylation step but involves the use of a monoepoxide or Res conmo wt. 0 mt. 0 Int. 0 mini er 0 1 Ex. No. densate reaction product, solvent, hydroxyls 2 5 the equlviilent' h princpal dlfieremfe ls only that whfle used product grs. grs. permolepolyepoxides are lnvariably nonvolanle and can be reacted under a condenser, at least numerous monoepoxides and particularly ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene 2, 720 2, 730 1, 370 19 1 2.840 2,835 1,415 19 oxide, etc., 1nvolve somewhat different operating condi- 0 2,513 1,963 tions. Glycide and methylglycide react under practically 21m 15 11 d1 m 1 'd A t all r 60 2,864 1,434 15 1e same con 11on s as e p0 yepoxi es. c u y, or 3.2% Egg 1.2g 12 purpose of convenience, 1t 1s most deslrable to conduct 3:200 210 1:610 19 the previous reaction, i.e., the one involving the polyepox- 2. 1 28 gig wag lde, in equipment such that subsequent reaction with monoepoxides may follow without interruption. In the oxyalkylations carried out to produce compositions used in accordance with the present application, conventional TABLE VH1 equipment, Le, a stainless steel autoclave suitably equipped, and conventional oxyalkylation conditions were Probable Probable 40 used E N 11 .5111 cionmol. wt. of 11mg. o r Afnt. x Ifiuauber {if The amount of monoepoxldes employed may be as h1gh X. 0. 91183 0 I288 i011 PI'O 116 S0 ven y roxy S used product gm gm permow as parts of monoepoxide for one part of the poly eule epoxlde treated am1ne-mod1fied phenol-aldehyde condensation product. 2 930 2,935 1 470 19 2 211 a 1E 2,7 15 2, 820 2,888 1, 453 15 The polyepoxide-derived oxyalkylation-susceptible com- @253 3% i1??? i2 pound employed is the one previously designated and de- 2.2 :3 3 333 11%; scribed as Example 1D. Polyepoxide-denved condensate 3:350 3:350 1:685 22 :0 1D was obtained, in turn, from condensate 2b and di- 3'590 31590 1,805 29 epoxide Bl. Reference to Table IV shows the compo- At times we have found a tendency for an insoluble mass to form or at least to obtain incipient cross-linking or gelling even when the molal ratio is in order of 2 moles of resin to one of diepoxide. We have found this can be avoided by any one of the following procedures or their equivalent. Dilute the resin or the diepoxide, or both, with an inert solvent, such as xylene or the like. In some instances an oxygenated solvent, such as the diethyl ether of ethyleneglycol may be employed. Another procedure which is helpful is to reduce the amount of catalyst used, or reduce the temperature of reaction by adding a small amount of initially lower boiling solvent such as benzene, or use benzene entirely. Also, we have found it desirable at times to use slightly less than apparently the theoretical amount of diepoxide, for instance to instead of 70 PART 8 The preparation of the compounds or products described in Part 7, preceding, involves an oxyalkylating 75 sition of condensate 2b. Table IV shows it was obtained from Resin 2a, diethanolamine and formaldehyde, Table III shows that Resin 2a was obtained from tertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde.

For purpose of convenience, reference herein and in the tables to the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound will be abbreviated in the table heading as OSC; reference is to the solvent-free material since, for convenience, the amount of solvent is noted in a second column. Actually, part of the solvent may have been present and in practically every case was present in either the resinification process or the condensation process, or in treatment with a polyepoxide. In any event, the amount of solvent present at the time of treatment with a monocpoxide is indicated as a separate item. To be consistent, of course, the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound abbreviated as OSC is indicated on a solvent-free basis.

14.65 pounds of the polyepoxide-derived condensate were mixed with 14.70 pounds of solvent (xylene in this series) along with 1% pounds of finely powdered caustic soda as a catalyst. This reaction mixture was treated with 15.00 pounds of ethylene oxide. At the end of the reaction period the molal ratio of oxide to initial com- 31' pound was approximately 68.2 and the theoretical molecular weight was approximately 5,900.

Adjustment was made in the autoclave to operate at a temperature of 125 to 135 C., and at a pressure of to pounds per square inch.

The time regulator was set so as to inject the ethylene oxide in approximately one-half hour and then continued stirring for one-half hour longer simply as a precaution to insure complete reaction. The reaction went readily and, as a matter of fact, the ethylene oxide could have been injected in probably 15 minutes instead of a halfhour and the subsequent time allowed to insure completion of a reaction may have been entirely unnecessary. The speed of reaction, particularly at the low pressure, undoubtedly was due in a large measure to the excellent agitation and also to the comparatively high concentration of catalyst. The amount of ethylene oxide introduced, as previously noted, was 15.00 pounds.

A comparatively small sample, less than 50 grams, was withdrawn merely for examination as far as solubility or emulsifying power was concerned, and also for the purpose of making some tests on various oil field emulsions. The amount withdrawn was so small that no cognizance of this fact is included in the data or subsequent data, or in data reported in tabular form in subsequent Tables IX. X and XI.

The size of the autoclave employed was 35 gallons. In innumerable oxyalkylations we have withdrawn a substantial portion at the end of each step and continued oxyalkylation on a partial residual sample. This was not the case in this particular series. Certain examples were duplicated as hereinafter noted and subjected to oxyalkylation with a difierent oxide.

Example 2E This example simply illustrated further oxyalkylation of Example 1E, preceding. The oxyalkylation-susceptible compound, to wit, Example 1D, is the same one as was used in Example 1E, preceding, because it is merely a continuation. In the subsequent tables, such as Table IX, the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound in the horizontal line concerned with Example 2E refers to oxyalkylationsusceptible compound, Example 1D. Actually, one could refer just as properly to Example 1E at this stage. It is immaterial which designation is used so long as it is understood and such practice is used consistently throughout the tables. In any event, the amount of ethylene oxide is the same as before, to wit, 15.00 pounds. This means the amount of oxide at the end was 30.0 pounds. It is meant that the ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound (molar basis) at the end was 136 to 1. The theoretical molecular weight was almost 8,900. There was no added solvent. In other words, it remained the same, that is, 14.70 pounds, and there was no added catalyst. The entire procedure was substantially the same as in Example 1E, preceding.

In all succeeding examples the time and pressure were the same as previously, to wit, 125 to 130 C., and the pressure 10 to 15 pounds. The time element was onehalf hour, the same as before.

Example 3E The oxyethylation proceeded in the same manner as described in Examples 1E and 2E. There was no added solvent and no added catalyst. The oxide added was 15.00 pounds. The total oxide at the end of the oxyalkylation procedure was 45.00 pounds. The molal ratio of oxide to condensate was 205 to 1. The theoretical molecular weight was approximately 12,000. As

32 previously noted, conditions in regard to temperature and pressure were the same as in Examples 1E and 2E. The time period was slightly longer, about 45 minutes.

Example 4E The oxyethylation was continued and the amount of oxide added was the same as before, to wit, 15.00 pounds. The amount of oxide added at the end of the reaction was 60 pounds. There was no added solvent and no added catalyst. Conditions as far as temperature and pressure are concerned were the same as in previous ex amples. The time period was the same as before, to with, 45 minutes. The reaction at this point showed modest, if any, tendency to slow up. The molal ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was about 273 to l, and the theoretical molecular weight was 15,000.

Example 5E The oxyalkylation was continued with the introduction of another 15 .00 pounds of oxide. No added solvent was introduced, and likewise no added catalyst was introduced. The theoretical molecular weight at the end of the reaction was approximately 21,000. The molal ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was 410 to 1. The time period was 45 minutes.

Example 6E The same procedure was followed as in the previous examples without addition of either more catalyst or more solvent. The amount of oxide added was the same as before, to wit, 15.00 pounds. The time required to complete the reaction was 1 /2 hours. At the end of the reaction the ratio of oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was approximately 525 to 1, and the theoreti cal molecular weight was about 27,000.

The same procedure as described in the previous examples was employed in connection with a number of the other condensations described previously. All these data have been presented in tabular form in Tables IX through XIV, inclusive.

In substantially every case a 35-gal1on autoclave was employed, although in some instances the initial oxyethylation was started in a 15-gallon autoclave and then transferred to a ZS-gallon autoclave. This is immaterial but happened to be a matter of convenience only. The solvent used in all cases was xylene. The catalyst used was finely powdered caustic soda.

Referring now to Tables IX, X and XI, it will be noted that compounds 1E through 18E were obtained by the use of ethylene oxide, whereas Examples 19E through 36E were obtained by the use of propylene oxide; and Examples 37E through 54E were obtained by the use of butylene oxide.

Referring now to Table X specifically, it willhe noted that the series of examples beginning with IP were obtained, in turn, by use of both ethylene and propylene oxides, using ethylene first; in fact, using Example 2E as the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound in the first six examples. This applies to Series 1F through 18F.

Similarly, series 19F through 36F involve the use of both propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in which the propylene oxide was used first, to wit, 19F was prepared from 23E, a compound which was initially derived by use of propylene oxide.

Similarly, Examples 37F through 54F involve the use of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide, the ethylene oxide being used first. Also, these two oxides were used in the series 55F through 72F, but in this latter instance the butylene oxide was used first and then the ethylene oxide.

Series 73F through 90F involve the use of propylene oxide and butylene oxide, butylene oxide being used first and propylene oxide being used next.

In series 16 through 186 the three oxides were used. It will be noted in Example 16 the initial compound was 76F; Example 76F, in turn, was obtained from a compound in which butylene oxide was used initially and then propylene oxide. Thus, the oxide added in the series 16 through 66 was by use of ethylene oxide as indicated in Table XI.

Referring to Table XI, in regard to Example 19G it will be noted again that the three oxides were used and 19G was obtained from 58F. Example 58F, in turn, was obtained by using butylene oxide first and then ethylene oxide. In Example 196 and subsequent examples, such as 206, 21G, etc., propylene oxide was added.

Tables XII, XIII and XIV give the data in regard to the oxyalkylation procedure as far as temperature and pressure are concerned and also give some data as to solubility of the oxyalkylated derivative in water, xylene and kerosene.

Referring to Table IX in greater detail, the data are as follows: The first column gives the example numbers, such as 1E, 2E, 3E, etc. etc.; the second column gives the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound employed which, as previously noted in the series 1E through 6B, is Example 1D, although it would be just as proper to say that in the case of 2E the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was 1E, and in the case of 3B the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound was 2E. Actually reference is to the parent derivative for the reason that the figure stands constant and probably leads to a more convenient presentation. Thus, the third column indicates the polyepoxidederived condensate previously referred to in the text.

The fourth column shows the amount of ethylene oxide in the mixture prior to the particular oxyethylation step. In the case of Example 1E there is no oxide used but it appears, of course, in 2E, 3E and 4E, etc.

The fifth column can be ignored for the reason that it is concerned with propylene oxide only, and the sixth column can be ignored for the reason that it is concerned with butylene oxide only.

The seventh column shows the catalyst which is invariably powdered caustic soda. The quantity used is indicated.

The eighth column shows the amount of solvent which is xylene unless otherwise stated.

The ninth column shows the amount of oxyalkylationsusceptible compound which in this series is the polyepoxide-derived condensate.

The tenth column shows the amount of ethylene oxide in at the end of the particular step.

Column eleven shows the same data for propylene oxide, and column twelve for butylene oxide. For obvious reasons these can be ignored in the series 1E through 18E.

Column thirteen shows the amount of the catalyst at the end of the oxyalkylation step, and column fourteen shows the amount of the solvent at the end of the oxyalkylation step.

The fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth columns are concerned with molal ratio of the individual oxides to the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound. Data appears only in column fifteen for the reason, previously noted, that no butylene or propylene oxide were used in the present instance.

The theoretical molecular weight appears at the end of the table which is on the assumption, as previously noted, as to the probable molecular weight of the initial compound, and on the assumption that all oxide added during the period combined. This is susceptible to limitations that have been pointed out elsewhere, particularly in the patent literature.

Referring now to the second series of compounds in Table IX, to wit, Examples 191?. through 36E, the situation is the same except that it is obvious the oxyalkylating agent used was propylene oxide and not ethylene oxide. Thus, the fourth column becomes a blank and the tenth column becomes a blank and the fifteenth column becomes a blank, but column five, which previously was a blank in Table IX now carries data as to the amount of propylene oxide present at the beginning of the reaction. Column eleven carries data as to the amount of propylene oxide present at the end of the reaction, and column sixteen carries data as to the ratio of propylene oxide to the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound. In all other instances the various headings have the same significance as previously.

Similarly, referring to Examples 37E through 54E in Table IX, columns four and five are blanks, columns ten and eleven are blanks, and columns fifteen and sixteen are blanks, but data appear in column six as to butylene oxide present before the particular oxyalkylation step. Column twelve gives the amount of butylene oxide present at the end of the step, and column seventeen gives the ratio of butylene oxide to oxyalkylation-susceptible compound.

Table X is in essence the data presented in exactly the same way except the two oxides appear, to wit, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. This means that there are only three columns in which data does not appear, all three being concerned with the use of butylene oxide. Furthermore, it shows which oxide was used first by the very fact that reference to Example 1F, in turn, refers to 2E, and also shows that ethylene oxide was present at the very first stage. Furthermore, for ease of comparison and also to be consistent, the data under Molal Ratio in regard to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide goes back to the original diepoxide-derived condensate 1D. This is obvious, of course, because the figures 68.2 and 25.0 coincide with the figures for 213 derived from ID, as shown in Table IX.

In Table X the same situation is involved except, of course, propylene oxide is used first and this, again, is perfectly apparent. Three columns only are blank, to wit, the three referring to butylene oxide. The same situation applies in examples such as 37F and subsequent examples where the two oxides used are ethylene oxide and butylene oxide, and the table makes it plain that ethylene oxide was used first. Inversely, Example 55F and subsequent examples show the use of the same two oxides but with butylene oxide being used first as shown on the table.

Example 73F and subsequent examples relate to the use of propylene oxide and butylene oxide. Examples beginning with 16, Table XI, particularly 2G, 3G, etc., show the use of all three oxides so there are no blanks as in the first step of each stage where one oxide is missing. It is not believed any further explanation need be offered in regard to Table XI.

As previously pointed out certain initial runs using one oxide only, or in some instances two oxides, had to be duplicated when used as intermediates subsequently for further reaction. It would be confusing to refer to too much detail in these various tables for the reason that all pertinent data appears and the tables are essentially self-explanatory.

Reference to solvent and amount of alkali at any point takes into consideration the solvent from the previous step and the alkali left from this step. As previously pointed out, Tables XII, XIII and XIV give operating data in connection with the entire series, comparable to what has been said in regard to Examples 1E through 6E.

The products resulting from these procedures may contain modest amounts, or have small amounts, of the solvents as indicated by the figures in the tables. If desired, the solvent may be removed by distillation, and particularly vacuum distillation. Such distillation also may remove traces or small amounts of uncombined 35 oxide, if present and volatile under the conditions employed.

Obviously, in the use of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in combination one need not first use one oxide and 36 yields a darker product than the original resin and usually has a reddish color. The solvent employed, if xylene, adds nothing to the color but one may use a darker colored aromatic petroleum solvent. Oxyalkylation genthen the other, but one can mix the two oxides and thus erally tends to yield lighter colored products and the obtain what may be termed an indifferent oxyalkylation, more oxide employed the lighter the color the product. 1.e., no attempt to selectively add one and then the other, Products C be P p in which the final color is or any other variant. lighter amber or straw color with a reddish tint. Such Needless to say, one could start with ethylene oxide and products can be decolorized by the use of clays, bleachthen use propylene oxide, and then go back to ethylene ing chars, etc. As far as use in demulsification is conoxide; or, inversely, start with propylene oxide, then use cerned, or some other industrial uses, there is no justificaethylene oxide, and then go back to propylene oxide; or, tion for the cost of bleaching the product. one could use a combination in which butylene oxide is Generally speaking, the amount of alkaline catalyst used along with either one or the two oxides just menpresent is comparatively small and it need not be retioned, or a combination of both of them. moved. Since the products per se are alkaline due to the The same would be true in regard to a mixture of ethylpresence of a basic nitrogen, the removal of the alkaline ene oxide and butylene oxide, or butylene oxide and catalyst is somewhat more difiicult than ordinarily is the propylene oxide. case for the reason that if one adds hydrochloric acid, for The colors of the products usually vary from a reddish example, to neutralize the alkalinity one may partially amber tint to a definitely red, amber and to a straw neutralize the basic nitrogen radical also. The preferred or light straw color. The reason is primarily that no procedure is to ignore the presence of the alkali unless it effort is made to obtain colorless resins initially and the is objectionable or else add a stolchiometric amount of resins themselves may be. yellow, amber, or even dark concentrated hydrochloric acid equal to the caustic soda amber. Condensation of a nitrogenous product invariably present.

TABLE IX Composition before Composition at end Oxides Oxides Molal ratio Ex. N 050, Cata- Sol- Cata- Sol- Theo.

Ex. 0S0, lyst, vent, 0S0, lyst, vent, EtO PrO B110 moi. No. lbs. EtO, PtO, ,13110, lbs. lbs. lbs. E50, PrO, B110, lbs. lbs. to ex? to oxytooxywt.

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. alky alky 512,71.

suscept. suscept. suscept. compd. compd. compd.

14.55 1.5 14.70 1.5 14. 70 03.2 5,030 14.55 1. 5 14. 70 1. 5 14. 70 133. 4 s, 030 14. 55 1. 5 14. 70 1. 5 14. 70 204. 5 11, 030 14. 55 1. 5 14. 70 50. 1. 5 14. 70 272. s 14, 030 14. 55 1. 5 14. 70 1. 5 14. 70 400. 2 20, 030 14. 55 1. 5 14. 70 20. 1. 5 14. 70 525. 3 25, 030 15. 1. 5 15. 33 1. 5 15. 33 34.1 4, 550 15. 25 1. 5 15. 33 1. 5 15. 33 0s. 2 5, 050 15. 25 1. 5 15. 33 1. 5 15. 33 102. 3 7, 550 15. 25 1. 5 15. 33 1. 5 15. 33 204. 5 12,050 15. 25 1. 5 15. 33 1. 5 15. 33 272. s 15, 050 15. 25 1. 5 15. 33 75. 1. 5 15. 33 341. 0 050 13. 55 1. 5 13. 00 1. 5 13. 50 51. 3 410 13. 55 1. 5 13. 50 13. 55 1. 5 13. 00 122. 5 110 13.55 1. 5 13. 50 13. 55 1. 5 13.50 133. 0 10, 410 13. 55 1. 5 13. 13. 55 1. 5 13. 245. 2 110 13. 1. 5 13. 50 1.3. 55 31. 0 1. 5 13. 50 307. 3 13, 510 13. 55 1. 5 13. 50 13. 55 04. 5 1. 5 13. 00 420.1 21, 210 14.55 1. 5 14. 14.55 20. 5 1. 5 14. 7o 3,330 14.55 20.5 1.5 14.70 14.55 00.0 1.5 14.70 14,030 50.0 1.5 14.70 14.55 75.0 1.5 14.70 ,030 75.0 1.5 1470 14.55 00.0 1.5 14.70 20,030 00.0 1.5 14.70 14.55 120.0 1.5 14.70 ,030 20.0 1.5 14.70 14.55 145.5 1.5 14.70 32,230 1.5 15.33 15.25 30.5 1.5 15.33 ,150 30.5 1.5 15.33 15.25 51.0 1.5 15.33 15,250 51.0 1.5 15.33 15.25 01.5 1.5 15.33 ,350 01.5 1.5 15.33 15.25 122.0 1.5 15.33 27,450 122.0 1.5 15.33 15.25 150.5 1.5 15.33 33,150 150.5 1.5 15.33 15.25 155.0 1.5 15.33 35,050 1.5 13.00 13.55 27.1 1.5 13.50 3,135 27.1 1.5 13.00 13.55 54.2 1.5 13.50 13,50 54.2 1.5 13.50 13.55 31.3 1.5 13.50 18,985 31.3 1.5 13.50 13.55 103.4 1.5 13.30 4,410 103.4 1.5 13.00 13.55 135.5 1.5 13.00 20,335 135.5 1.5 13.50 13.55 102.5 1.5 13.59 35,250 14. 1.0 14. 70 14.55 1.0 14. 70 20.1 4,330 7.25 1.0 14. 70 14.55 1.0 14.70 40.2 5,330 14.50 1.0 14. 70 14.05 1.0 14.70 50.3 7,250 21.75 1.0 14. 70 14.55 1.0 14. 70 30.4 3,730 14. 20.0 1.0 14. 70 14.55 1.0 14. 70 100.5 10,130 35.25 1.0 14.70 14.55 1.0 14.70 120.5 11,530 1.0 15.33 15.25 1.0 15.33 21.55 4, 500 15.25 7. 1.0 15.33 15.25 1.0 15.33 43.10 0,150 15.25 15.50 1.0 15.33 15.25 1.0 15.33 04.55 7, 700 15.25 23.25 1.0 15.33 15. 25 1.0 15.33 35.20 0,250 15.25 31.0 1.0 15.33 15. 25 1.0 15.33 107.75 10,500 15.25 3s. 75 1.0 15.33 15.25 1.0 15.33 129.30 12,350 13.55 1.0 13. 50 13.55 1.0 13.00 10.45 4,110 13,55 7.0 1.0 13.50 13.55 1.0 13.30 35.00 5,510 13.55 14.0 1.0 13.00 13.55 1.0 13.50 53.35 5,010 13.55 21.0 1.0 13.50 13.55 1.0 13.50 77.30 3.310 13. 55 23.0 1.0 13.50 13.55 1.0 13.50 07.25 0, 710 13.55 35.0 1.0 13.59 13.55 1.0 1350 115.70 11,110

TABLE XI Compositlon before Oompoeltlon at and E Oxides Oxides Molal ratio 1:. No. 080, Gate Sol- Oeta- Sol- Thoo.

Ex. 08C, lyst, vent, S0, lyst, vent, E130 P BuO 11:01. No. lbs. EtO, PrO, BuO, lbs. lbs. lbs. E150, P10, BuO, lbs. lbs. to oxyto oxyto oxywt.

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. alkyl. alkyl. alkyl.

suswept. suscept. suscept. compd. compd. compd.

lG 76F. 14. 65 60.0 43. 5 1.5 14. 7(1 14. 65 7. 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 33 0 207 120. 6 21, 880 2G." 76F... 14. 65 7. 25 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 14. 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14.70 66 207 120.6 26,330 36... 76F. 14. 65 14. 50 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 21. 75 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 14.70 99 207 120. 6 27, 780 4 76F- 14.65 21. 75 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 29. 0 60. 0 43. 5 1. 5 14.70 132 207 120. 6 29, 230 5G, 76F. 14. 65 29. 0 60. 0 43. 5 1.5 14. 70 14. 65 36. 25 60. 0 43. 5 1.5 14.70 165 207 120. 6 30, 680 6 76F--- 14. 65 36. 25 60.0 43. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 43. 50 60. 0 43. 5 l. 5 14.70 198 207 120. 6 32,130 7G 82F 15. 25 40. 5 46. 5 1.5 15.33 15. 25 7.75 40.5 46. 5 1.5 15.33 35.2 116. 25 129.3 10, 650 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 15. 25 15. 50 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15.33 70. 4 116. 25 129. 3 12, 200 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 15.25 23. 25 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15.33 105. 6 116. 25 129. 3 13, 750 40. 5 46. 5 1.5 15. 33 15.25 31. 0 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15.33 140. 8 116.25 129. 3 15, 300 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 15. 25 40. 50 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15.38 184. 0 116.25 129. 3 27, 200 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15.33 15. 25 46. 5 40. 5 46. 5 1. 5 15. 33 211. 2 116. 25 129. 3 28, 400 56.0 35.0 1. 0 13. 69 13. 6. 75 56. 0 35. 0 1. 0 13. 69 30. 7 192. 8 97. 25 19, 460 56, 0 85.0 1.0 13. 69 13.55 13.50 56.0 35. 0 1. 0 13. 69 61. 4 102. 8 97. 25 20, 810 56.0 35. 0 1.0 13. 69 13. 55 20. 25 56.0 35.0 1.0 13. 69 92. 1 192.8 97. 25 22, 160 56.0 35. 1. 0 13. 09 13. 55 27. 00 56.0 35.0 1. 0 13. 69 122.8 192. 8 97. 25 28, 510 56.0 35. 0 1.0 13. 69 13.55 35. 00 56.0 35. 0 1.0 13. 69 159. 2 192. 8 D7. 25 25,110 56.0 35.0 1.0 13. 69 13. 55 56. 00 56.0 35.0 1.0 13.69 254. 5 192. 8 07.25 29,310 15.0 14. 5 1. 5 14.70 14. 15. 0 14.5 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 68. 2 50. 0 20.1 13, 830 14. 65 15.0 14. 5 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15.0 29. 0 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 68. 2 100.0 20. 1 18, 830 14. 65 15.0 29. 0 14. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14.65 15.0 43. 5 14. 5 1. 5 14.70 68. 2 150.0 20.1 23, 830 14.65 15.0 43. 5 14.5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15.0 58. 0 14.5 1. 5 14.70 68. 2 200.0 20.1 28, 830 14. 65 15. 0 5B. 0 l4. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15.0 72, 5 14. 5 1. 5 14.70 68. 2 250. 0 20. 1 33, 830 14.65 15.0 73. 5 l4. 5 1. 5 14. 70 14. 65 15. 0 87.0 14. 5 1. 5 14.70 68. 2 300.0 20. J 38, 830 15.25 15. 5 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 15. 25 15. 5 7. 23. 25 1.5 15.33 70.4 26. 7 64. 65 12,350 15. 25 15.5 7. 75 23. 25 1. 5 15. 33 15.25 15. 5 15. 5 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 70. 4 53. 4 64.65 13, 900 15.25 15. 5 15.50 23. 25 1.5 15.33 15. 25 15. 5 23. 26 23. 25 1. 5 15. 33 70. 4 B0. 1 64. 65 15, 450

15. 5 31.0 23. 25 1. 5 15. 33 15.25 15. 5 46. 5 23, 25 1. 5 15. 33 70. 4 160. 2 64. 65 20,100 15. .5 46. 5 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 15. 25 15. 5 62. 0 23. 25 1. 5 15.33 70. 4 213. 6 64. 23, 200 14.0 n... 28.0 1. 5 13.69 13. 55 14.0 7.0 28.0 1. 5 13.69 63.6 24.1 77.8 12, 510 14. 0 7. O 28.0 1. 5 13. 69 13. 55 14.0 14. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 63. 6 48. 2 77.8 13, 910 14. 0 14. 0 28.0 1. 5 13.60 13.55 14. 0 14. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 63. 6 72. 3 77. 8 15, 310 14. 0 21. 0 28. 0 1.5 13 69 13.55 14. 0 14. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 63. B 116. 4 77. 8 16. 710 14. D 28. 0 28. O 1. 5 13 69 13. 55 14.0 42. 0 28.0 1. 5 13. 69 63.6 144. 6 77.8 19, 510 14.0 42. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 69 13. 55 14. 0 5B. 0 28. 0 1. 5 13. 09 63. 6 192. 4 77. 8 22, 310

TABLE XII Ex Max. Max Time, Solubillty No tem pres., 111's.

" p. s. 1. Water Xylene Kerosene 1E -130 10-15 Emuls1fiable Insoluble. 2E 125-130 10-15 6 Soluble D 125430 10-15 *4 125-130 10-15 D0. 125-130 10-15 0- 125-130 10-15 1% Do. 125-130 10-15 D0. 125-130 10-15 V1 D0. 125-130 10-15 15 D0. 125-130 10-15 Dn. 125-130 10-15 1. 5 D0. 125-130 10-15 1% Do. 125-130 10-15 6 D0. 10-15 15 Do. 10-15 1 D0. 10-15 1 DO. 10-15 1% Do. 10-15 1?. D0. 10-15 1% D0. 10-15 1 Dlspersibla. 10-15 11 Soluble. 10-15 11 D0. 10-15 D0. 10-15 3%; DO. 1015 114 Insoluble. 1015 2 Dlsperslble. 10-15 2 Soluble. 10-15 2 5 DD. 1015 3 D0. 10-15 4 D0. 10-15 2 Insoluble. 10-15 2 Dlsperslble. 10-15 24;; Soluble. 10-15 3 D0. 10-15 3% D0. 10-15 4% do Do. 10-15 1, 6 Insoluble 10-15 2 D0. 10-15 213; D0. 10-15 3 D0. 10-15 4% D0. 10-15 5% Soluble 10-15 1% Insoluble 10-15 2 D0. 10-15 2 DO. 10-15 3 Do. 10-15 4 Do. 10-15 41 Soluble 10-15 1 Insoluble. 10-15 1% D0. 10-15 3%; D0. 10-15 Do. 10-15 D0 10-15 4% Soluble 

1. A 3-STEP MANUFACTURING METHOD INVOLVING (1) CONDENSATION; (2) OXYALKYLATION WITH A POLYEPOXIDE CONTAINING AT LEAST TWO 1,2-EPOXY RINGS; AND (3) OXYALKYLATION WITH AN ALPHA-BETA MONOEPOXIDE; SAID FIRST MANUFACTURING PROCESS BEING A STEP OF (A) CONDENSING (A) AN OXYALKYLATION-SBEING A STEP OF (A) CONDENSING (A) AN GANIC SOLVENT-SOLUBLE, WATER-INSOLUBLE, LOW-STAGE PHENOLALDEHYDE RESIN HAVING AN AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO AT LEAST 3 AND NOT OVER 6 PHENOLIC NUCLEI PER RESIN MOLECULE; SAID RESIN BEING DIFUNCTIONAL ONLY IN REGARD TO METHYLOL-FORMING REACTIVITY; SAID RESIN BEING DERIVED BY REACTION BETWEEN A DIFUNCTIONAL MONOHYDRIC PHENOL AND AN ALDEHYDE HAVING NOT OVER 8 CARBON ATOMS AND REACTIVE TOWARD SAID PHENOL; SAID RESIN BEING FORMED IN THE SUBSTANTIAL ABSENCE OF TRIFUNCTIONAL PHENOLS; SAID PHENOL BEING OF THE FORMULA 